---
title: What are Special Improvement District (SID) Bonds?
description: Montana local governments use special assessment bonds to fund improvements benefiting specific areas, with repayment tied to property assessments. While equitable, these bonds carry risks if property values fall. Policies limiting SID bond use and requiring property owner investment help reduce defaults and protect public finances.
---

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March 18, 2026

# What are Special Improvement District (SID) Bonds?

## Special Assessment Bonds: Targeted Financing for Localized Public Improvements

Special assessment bonds are issued to finance capital improvements that benefit taxpayers in a particular, carefully defined area of the community. Because the benefit is not enjoyed by the entire community, the justification for use of special assessments is that the cost should be borne only by those who will benefit from the improvement. Principal and interest payments are made by a special assessment on the property benefiting from improvements. The local governments use the assessment revenue to make debt service payments on the bonds. To further enhance the security for SID bonds (beyond the pledge of special assessments), the issuing agency normally pledges support of its SID revolving fund. The authority for, and  
restrictions on, the use of special improvement district bonds is found in Title 7, Chapter 12, Part 41 and 42.

Some local governments in Montana have financed 100% of the cost of improvements to raw land. When the value of the land fell, property owners (often developers), defaulted on their assessments and the local governments were left with the associated debt (SID bonds) and insufficient assessment revenue to make the required debt service payments. These governments were required to draw upon their SID revolving fund as required by state law and the bond covenants. When this support was still insufficient to honor the bond  
obligations, the local governments were confronted with a decision; do we default on the bonds or levy additional taxes to meet the debt service payments? These problems have prompted some Montana governments to adopt SID policies, which serve to limit the extent to which SID bonds will be used to finance improvements—often to financing only half of the improvements to raw land. When property owners are forced  to “have more skin in the game”, the likelihood of their default is reduced considerably, as well as reducing the amount of local government’s bonded indebtedness.

 

Montana Municipal Officials Handbooks 3rd Edition, Section 5.202

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Resources prepared by the MSU Extension Local Government Center are intended for educational purposes only and do not constitute legal advice. For interpretation or application of the law, please consult qualified legal counsel. The Montana State University Extension Service is an ADA/EO/AA/Veteran’s Preference Employer and Provider of Educational Outreach.

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